Routes to polyacrylates

ABSTRACT

A polyacrylate is obtained by radical polymerization of at least one acrylate monomer (Ac) in the presence of a polymeric photoinitiator. The polymeric photoinitiator is a co-polymer of at least one photoinitiator monomer (A) with at least one monomer (B), and optional additional monomers (C). Rapid polymerization of the acrylate monomer is provided. A method produces a polyacrylate using the polymeric photoinitiator as described, and a polymeric photoinitiator is used as the photoinitiator of radical polymerization of acrylate monomers.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to polyacrylate obtained by radicalpolymerization of at least one acrylate monomer (Ac) in the presence ofa polymeric photoinitiator. The invention also provides a method forproducing a polyacrylate using the polymeric photoinitiator described,and the use of a polymeric photoinitiator as a photoinitiator of radicalpolymerization of acrylate monomers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Curing of coatings through ultraviolet (UV) radiation requires efficientmethods of initiating the chemical reaction responsible for the curingprocess. Curing of polymeric material through generation of radicalspecies upon irradiation with UV light is widely used to producecoatings for medical devices. The paint and lacquer industry also makesuse of UV-initiated curing of acrylates, where photoinitiators in manycases are employed. These two examples illustrate the diversity of UVcurable coatings.

Until recently, polymers designed for use in coatings have relied onphotoinitiators with relatively low molecular weight to initiatepolymerization (curing). In addition, polymerization reactions oftencomprise co-reagents and catalysts of the polymerization process whichalso have relatively low molecular weight. Low molecular weightsubstances, and their by-products in the polymerization reaction, aregenerally difficult to remove from the resultant polymer, but insteadremain within the polymer matrix and diffuse slowly to the surface ofthe polymer during its lifetime. Over time, low molecular weightsubstances therefore leach from the polymer into the surroundingenvironment.

This presents particular problems in the polymers used in the medicalfield, as patient safety considerations limit the amount and type ofsubstance which can leach from a given polymer. This is especiallyrelevant if the polymer is to be used as a coating or adhesive which isdesigned to be in contact with the inside or outside of the patient'sbody. Notably, certain low molecular weight co-reagents and catalysts ofpolyurethane polymerization are toxic to plants and animals (e.g.dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO)).

Higher molecular weight photoinitiators, in particular polymericphotoinitiators, have comparably higher intrinsic viscosities which mostlikely result in longer diffusion times through a matrix. Migration ofthe UV active substances to the surface is therefore diminished whenpolymeric photoinitiators are used as opposed to lower molecular weightphotoinitiators. Scarce literature within the field of polymericphotoinitiators suggests that development of such polymers could lead tonovel applications and present solutions for existing needs, such asproviding a material with negligent migration of substances to thesurface/patient.

Some descriptions of polymeric photoinitiators are found in scientificliterature, where for example 4-amino-4′-[4-aminothiophenyl]benzophenoneis polymerized with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (J. Wei, H. Wang, J. Yin J.Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 45 (2007), 576-587; J. Wei, H. Wang,X. Jiang, J. Yin, Macromolecules, 40 (2007), 2344-2351). Examples of theuse of this photoinitiator to polymerize acrylates are also given inthis work. A similar strategy is also discussed in J. Wei, F. LiuMacromolecules, 42 (2009), 5486-2351, where4-[(4-maleimido)thiophenyl]benzophenone was synthesized and polymerizedinto a macromolecular photoinitiator.

A variety of polymeric photoinitiators other than benzophenone basedstructures are discussed in T. Corrales, F. Catalina, C. Peinado, N. S.Allen Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 159(2003), 103-114.

US 2007/0078246 describes different aromatic ketone systems which aresubstituted on a siloxane polymeric chain.

Benzophenone derivatives with pendant alkyl ether substituents have beendescribed in WO 96/33156. Similar structures are described in WO98/51759 where benzophenone derivatives with pendant alkyl ether groupsare presented. A related type of photoinitiator class is described in WO2009/060235, where thioxanthone moieties are attached to an oligomericbackbone.

Several photoinitiators (e.g. benzophenone, anthraquinone) with pendantpolyalkyl ethers are described in WO 97/49664.

WO 03/033492 discloses thioxanthone derivatives attached to apolyhydroxy residue.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,602,097 details water-soluble photoinitiators where twophotoinitiator moieties are bridged together by a polyalkylether ofsufficient length to make it water soluble.

Many of the prior art references disclose photoinitiators which areend-substituted onto a polymeric entity. However, the photoefficiency ofsuch substances is limited, as they are large molecular weight moleculescomprising comparatively little photoinitiator per unit mass.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,916 discloses photoinitiators for thephotopolymerization of ethylenically unsaturated compounds, inparticular in aqueous systems.

EP 2130817 discloses polymerizable Type II photoinitiators. Radiationcurable compositions and inks including the multifunctional Type IIphotoinitiator are also disclosed.

Despite previous efforts, there remains a need for novel photoinitiatorswhich can reduce by-products of low molecular weight in a polymerizationprocess, particularly polymerization to form polyurethanes. In addition,it would prove useful to reduce or completely remove the need for lowmolecular weight polymerization catalysts or co-reagents in thepolymerization process.

The present invention provides polymer photoinitiators in which thephotoinitiator moiety itself becomes an integral part of the polymer,and remains so, during and after the polymerization process. Leaching ofphotoinitiator and photoinitiator by-products is therefore reduced oreven eliminated.

At the same time, the particular design of the photoinitiator monomerallows a reduction in the amount of or even the elimination ofco-reagents and catalysts in the polymerization process. In that suchsubstances are minimised or eliminated, their concentrations in theresulting polymers are also reduced, so that leaching of such substancesis correspondingly reduced or eliminated. Polymers likely to improvemedical safety are thereby obtained.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention therefore provides a polyacrylate obtained by radicalpolymerization of at least one acrylate monomer (Ac) in the presence ofa polymeric photoinitiator. The polymeric photoinitiator is a co-polymerof at least one monomer (A) with at least one monomer (B), wherein:

-   -   monomer (A) is a photoinitiator monomer (A) of the formula (I):

-   -   -   in which:        -   Pi is a photoinitiator moiety;        -   Z is a linker moiety;        -   X₁ and X₂ are independently selected from optionally            substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂            alkenylene, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, —O—, —S—,            —NR²—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NR²)—, —Si(R²)₂—O—, optionally            substituted aryl, and combinations thereof, wherein R² is H            or optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;        -   wherein X₁ and X₂ or a part thereof may be linked to one            another or to Z to form one or more ring structures;        -   wherein Z, X₁ and X₂ are selected such that N is a tertiary            amine;        -   W₁ and W₂ are functional groups independently selected from            alcohol, primary amine, secondary amine, thiol, alkoxy            silane, silane esters of carboxylic acids, isocyanate,            isothiocyanate, carboxylic acid, chloroformate, primary            amide, secondary amide, urethane or urea groups;

    -   monomer (B) comprises at least two functional groups W₃ and W₄,        said W₃ and W₄ being independently selected from alcohol,        primary amine, secondary amine, thiol, alkoxy silane, silane        esters of carboxylic acids, isocyanate, isothiocyanate,        carboxylic acid, chloroformate, primary amide, secondary amide,        urethane or urea groups,        -   wherein W₁, W₂, W₃ and W₄ are selected such that—in the            co-polymerization of monomers (A) and (B)—W₁ reacts with W₃            to form a urethane, thiourethane, urea, thiourea, ester,            ether, amide, carbonate, allophanate or biuret moiety, and            W₂ reacts with W₄ to form a urethane, thiourethane, urea,            thiourea, ester, ether, amide, carbonate, allophanate or            biuret moiety.

Polymerization of acrylate monomers in the presence of the polymericphotoinitiators of the invention is rapid, and—as the polymericphotoinitiator remains bound in the polyacrylate —leaching ofphotoinitiator is reduced or even completely eliminated.

The invention also provides a method for producing a polyacrylate usingthe polymeric photoinitiator as described, and the use of a polymericphotoinitiator as a photoinitiator of radical polymerization of acrylatemonomers.

Further aspects of the invention are presented in the dependent claims.

LEGENDS TO THE FIGURE

FIG. 1 shows the changes of rheological properties of a pristine sampleof a PU made from 2 wt %4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone, 85 wt % PEG 2000 and13 wt % 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) subjected to UV light.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of swelled hydrogel formed by subjecting a PUmade from 2 wt % 4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone, 85 wt% PEG 2000 and 13 wt % 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) to UVlight.

FIG. 3 is a scheme of various synthesis routes to photoinitiatormonomers (A) of structure Ib.

FIG. 4 is a photo-DSC of acrylates mixed with diols according to Example6.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Definitions

In the following, when a part of a molecule is described as “optionallysubstituted” it is meant that said part may be substituted by one ormore substituents selected from: C₁-C₆ linear, branched or cyclic alkyl,aryl, —OH, —CN, —NO₂, halogens, amines, amides, alcohols, ethers,thioethers, sulfones and derivatives thereof, sulfoxides and derivativesthereof, carbonates, isocyanates, nitrates and acrylates.

The term “heterocyclyl” means a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclicring system comprising about 3 to about 10 ring atoms, preferably about5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ringsystem is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen orsulfur, alone or in combination. Preferred heterocyclyls contain about 5to about 6 ring atoms. The prefix aza, oxa or thia before theheterocyclyl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfuratom respectively is present as a ring atom. The heterocyclyl can beoptionally substituted as described above. The nitrogen or sulfur atomof the heterocyclyl can be optionally oxidized to the correspondingN-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. Non-limiting examples of suitablemonocyclic heterocyclyl rings include piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl,piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl,1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl,tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like.

The term “alkylene” is used in the following to specify moieties derivedfrom alkanes in which two H atoms have been removed to form a diradicalspecies. The simplest alkylene is methylene —CH₂—, and other alkylenesinclude ethylene —CH₂—CH₂—, propylene —C₃H₆— and butylene —C₄H₈—. Theterm “alkylene” includes branched, linear and cyclic alkylenes, withlinear alkylenes being most preferred. An alkylene which is a C₁-C₁₂alkylene is one which contains between 1 and 12 carbon atoms. Preferredalkylenes contain between 1 and 6 carbon atoms (i.e. C₁-C₆ alkylenes).

The term “alkenylene” is used in the following to specify moietiesderived from alkenes in which two H atoms have been removed to form adiradical species. Examples include ethenylene —CH₂═CH₂— and propenylene—C₃H₄— moieties. The term “alkenylene” includes branched, linear andcyclic alkenylene, with linear alkenylene being most preferred.

The term “aryl” is used to define an unsaturated cyclic system whichcontains a delocalised π-electron system about the ring. Aryl groups maycomprise from 4-12 atoms, suitably from 6-8 atoms, most suitably 6atoms. “Aryl” preferably comprises carbocyclic rings, and is preferablyphenyl (—C₆H₅).

The term “aryl” in the present invention is also used to includearomatic heterocycles—rings in which one or more atoms in the ring (e.g.1-3 atoms) are N, S, P or O. Aromatic heterocycles include pyrrole,furan, thiophene, imidazole, imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, oxazole,oxazoline, isoxazole, isoxazoline, thiazole, thiazoline, isothiazole,isothiazoline (5-membered rings), pyridine, pyran, thiopyran (6-memberedrings).

When referring to a linker moiety (e.g. Z, X₁, X₂, Q, T), the term“aryl” is used to define moieties derived from arenes in which two Hatoms have been removed to form a diradical species (i.e. arylene).Examples include 1,2-phenylene, 1,3-phenylene and 1,4-phenylene.

The term “aryl” also includes fused ring systems.

The term “acrylate monomer” is used to describe substances containingthe functional group C═C—C(═O)—O—, which are able to polymerize via thealkene C═C moiety. The carbon atoms of the alkene may be substituted.The resulting polyacrylates are commonly-used polymers in industry.

Curing

In the present invention, curing is primarily initiated by exposing thephotopolymerizable system containing the polymeric photoinitiatorsdescribed in the present invention to high energy irradiation,preferably UV light. The photoinitiated process takes place by methodswhich are known per se, through irradiation with light or UV irradiationin the wavelength range from 100 to 500 nm. Irradiation sources whichmay be used are sunlight or artificial lamps or lasers. Mercuryhigh-pressure, medium pressure or low-pressure lamps and xenon andtungsten lamps, for example, are advantageous. Similarly, excimer,solid-state and diode-based lasers are advantageous. Diode-based lightsources in general are advantageous for initiating the chemicalreactions.

The ultraviolet spectrum is divided into A, B and C segments where UV Aextend from 400 nm down to 315 nm, UV B from 315 to 280 nm, and UV Cfrom 280 to 100 nm. By using a light source that generates light withwavelengths in the visible region (400 to 800 nm) some advantages areobtained with respect to the depth of the curing, provided that thephotoinitiator can successfully cure the material at these wavelength.In particular, scattering phenomena are less pronounced at longerwavelength, thus giving a larger penetration depth in the material. Thusphotoinitiators which absorb, and can induce curing, at longerwavelength are of interest. By judicially choosing substituents on thephotoinitiator moieties, the absorption spectrum of the polymericphotoinitiator can to some extent be red-shifted, which would thenfacilitate curing at comparatively greater depths.

Polyurethanes

The polymeric photoinitiators of the present invention are preferablypolyurethanes. A polyurethane (PU) is a polymer consisting of a chain oforganic units joined by urethane (carbamate) moieties —NH—(C═O)—O—.Polyurethanes are formed by the reaction between one monomer having atleast two isocyanate functional groups (—NCO), and another monomerhaving at least two alcohol (—OH) groups. In their simplest form, due tothe nature of the monomers from which they are prepared, polyurethanescomprise alternating A and B monomers (ABABABABA . . . ).

Similar polymers are provided based on polyurethanes in which theisocyanate groups are replaced with isothiocyanate (—NCS) groups.—NH—(C═S)—O— moieties are thereby provided.

Polyureas

A polyurea is a polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined byurea (carbamide) moieties —NH—(C═O)—NH—. Polyureas are typically formedby the reaction between one monomer having at least two isocyanatefunctional groups (—NCO), and another monomer having at least two amine(—NH₂) groups.

Similar polymers in which the amine groups in the monomers are replacedwith thiol (—SH) groups are known as polythioureas and include themoiety —NH—(C═O)—S—.

Similarly, the term includes polymers based on ureas in which theisocyanate groups are replaced with isothiocyanate (—NCS) groups.—NH—(C═S)—NH— moieties are thereby provided.

Polyesters

A polyester is a polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joinedby ester moieties —(C═O)—O—. Polyesters are typically formed by thereaction between one monomer having at least two activated carboxylicacid functional groups (—COX, where X is e.g. a chloride or anhydride),and another monomer having at least two alcohol (—OH) groups.

Polycarbonate

A polycarbonate is a polymer consisting of a chain of organic unitsjoined by carbonate moieties —O—(C═O)—O—.

SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a polyacrylate. A polyacrylate is apolymer based on acrylate monomers (Ac) comprising the moietyC═C—C(═O)—O—, which polymerize at the alkene functional group.

The polyacrylate is obtained by radical polymerization of at least oneacrylate monomer (Ac) in the presence of a polymeric photoinitiator. Thepolymeric photoinitiator is a co-polymer of at least one monomer (A)with at least one monomer (B). Polymerization is achieved by step-growthco-polymerization of monomers (A) and (B). The physical, chemical andphotocatalytic properties of the polymeric photoinitiator can be varieddepending on the nature and relative amounts of the monomers (A) and(B).

Monomer (A) is a photoinitiator monomer (A) of the formula (I):

The photoinitiator monomers (A) of the general formula I comprise aphotoinitiator moiety, Pi, which provides the photoinitiators with therequired response to UV radiation. A photoinitiator moiety is defined asa substance (other than a reactant) which, on absorption of light,generates reactive species (ions or radicals) and initiates one orseveral chemical reactions or transformations. One preferred property ofthe photoinitiator moiety is good overlap between the UV light sourcespectrum and the photoinitiator absorption spectrum. Another desiredproperty is a minor or no overlap between the photoinitator absorptionspectrum and the intrinsic combined absorption spectrum of the othercomponents in the polymer matrix. Good compatibility of thephotoinitiator moiety in the matrix consisting of material to be curedis also a property of interest.

The photoinitiator moieties of the invention are efficient intransforming light from the UV or visible light source to reactiveradicals which can abstract hydrogen atoms and other labile atoms frompolymers and hence effect polymerization and cross-linking.

Radical photoinitiator moieties can be classified as either cleavable(Norrish type I reaction) or non-cleavable (of which the Norrish type IIreaction is a special case, see e.g. A. Gilbert, J. Baggott: “Essentialsof Molecular Photochemistry”, Blackwell, London, 1991). Upon excitation,cleavable photoinitiator moieties spontaneously break down into tworadicals, at least one of which is reactive enough to abstract ahydrogen atom from most substrates. Benzoin ethers (including benzildialkyl ketals), phenyl hydroxyalkyl ketones and phenyl aminoalkylketones are important examples of cleavable photoinitiator moieties.Addition of electron donors is not required but may enhance the overallefficiency of cleavable photoinitiator moieties.

Recently a new class of β-keto ester based photo-initiators has beenintroduced by M. L Gould, S, Narayan-Sarathy, T. E. Hammond, and R. B.Fechter from Ashland Specialty Chemical, USA (2005): “NovelSelf-Initiating UV-Curable Resins: Generation Three”, Proceedings fromRadTech Europe 05, Barcelona, Spain, Oct. 18-20 2005, vol. 1, p.245-251, Vincentz. After base-catalyzed Michael addition of the ester topolyfunctional acrylates a network is formed with a number of quaternarycarbon atoms, each with two neighbouring carbonyl groups. Upon UV orvisible light excitation these photoinitiators predominantly cleave by aNorrish type I mechanism and cross-link further without any conventionalphoto-initiator present, and thick layers may be cured. Suchself-initiating systems are within the scope of the photoinitiatormoieties of the present invention.

Excited non-cleavable photoinitiator moieties do not break down toradicals but abstract a hydrogen atom from an organic molecule or, moreefficiently, abstract an electron from an electron donor (such as anamine or a thiol). The electron transfer produces a radical anion on thephoto-initiator and a radical cation on the electron donor. This isfollowed by proton transfer from the radical cation to the radical anionto produce two uncharged radicals; of these the radical on the electrondonor is sufficiently reactive to abstract a hydrogen atom from mostsubstrates. Benzophenones and related ketones such as thioxanthones,xanthones, anthraquinones, fluorenones, dibenzosuberones, benzils, andphenyl ketocoumarins are important examples of non-cleavablephotoinitiators, and fall within the definition of photoinitiatormoieties according to the present invention. Most amines with a C—H bondin α-position to the nitrogen atom and many thiols will work as electrondonors.

Another self-initiating system based on maleimides has also beenidentified by C. K. Nguyen, W. Kuang, and C. A. Brady from AlbemarleCorporation and Brady Associates LLC, both USA (2003): “MaleimideReactive Oligomers”, Proceedings from RadTech Europe 03, Berlin,Germany, Nov. 3-5, 2003, vol. 1, p. 589-94, Vincentz. Maleimidesinitiate radical polymerization mainly by acting as non-cleavablephoto-initiators and at the same time spontaneously polymerize byradical addition across the maleimide double bond. In addition, thestrong UV absorption of the maleimide disappears in the polymer, i.e.maleimide is a photobleaching photoinitiator moiety; this could make itpossible to cure thick layers.

UV self-crosslinkable terpolymers based on acrylonitrile, methylacrylate and a UV sensitive comonomer, acryloyl benzophenone (ABP), havealso been reported (A. K. Naskar et al. Carbon 43 (2005) 1065-1072; T.Mukundan et al. Polymer 47 (2006) 4163-4171). The free radicalsgenerated during UV irradiation of the terpolymer have been shown toenhance crosslinking and cyclization of nitrile units within thepolymer.

A blend of several photoinitiator moieties may exhibit synergisticproperties, as is e.g. described by J. P. Fouassier: “Excited-StateReactivity in Radical Polymerization Photo-initiators”, Ch. 1, pp. 1-61,in “Radiation curing in Polymer Science and technology”, Vol. II(“Photo-initiating Systems”), ed. by J. P. Fouassier and J. F. Rabek,Elsevier, London, 1993. Briefly, efficient energy transfer or electrontransfer takes place from one photoinitiator moiety to the other in thepairs [4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone+benzophenone],[benzophenone+2,4,6-trimethylbenzophenone],[thioxanthone+methylthiophenyl morpholinoalkyl ketone]. However, manyother beneficial combinations may be envisaged. So, in an embodiment ofthe invention, the photoinitiator moiety Pi includes at least twodifferent types of photoinitiator moieties. Preferably the absorbancepeaks of the different photoinitiator moieties are at differentwavelengths, so the total amount of light absorbed by the systemincreases. The different photoinitiator moieties may be all cleavable,all non-cleavable, or a mixture of cleavable and non-cleavable.Preferably, however, the photoinitiator Pi comprises only onephotoinitiator moiety.

Furthermore, it has recently been found that covalently linked2-hydroxy-1-(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-one, which iscommercially available with the trade name Irgacure 2959, andbenzophenone in the molecule 4-(4-benzoylphenoxy ethoxy)phenyl2-hydroxy-2-propyl ketone gives considerably higher initiationefficiency of radical polymerization than a simple mixture of the twoseparate compounds, see S. Kopeinig and R. Liska from Vienna Universityof Technology, Austria (2005): “Further Covalently BondedPhotoinitiators”, Proceedings from RadTech Europe 05, Barcelona, Spain,Oct. 18-20 2005, vol. 2, p. 375-81, Vincentz. This shows that differentphotoinitiator moieties may show significant synergistic effects whenthey are present in the same oligomer or polymer. Such covalently linkedphotoinitiator moieties are also within the scope of the presentinvention.

Photoinitiator moieties (Pi) in Formula (I) may be selected from, butnot exclusively restricted to, the group consisting of benzoin ethers,phenyl hydroxyalkyl ketones, phenyl aminoalkyl ketones, benzophenones,thioxanthones, xanthones, acridones, anthraquinones, fluorenones,dibenzosuberones, benzils, benzil ketals, α-dialkoxy-acetophenones,α-hydroxy-alkyl-phenones, α-amino-alkyl-phenones, acyl-phosphine oxides,phenyl ketocoumarins, silanes, maleimides and derivatives thereof. Ofthese, preferred photoinitiator moieties are selected frombenzophenones, thioxanthones, benzil ketals and phenyl hydroxyalkylketones, such as 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-ones.

In particular, Pi may be a benzophenone having the general formula (V):

wherein Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from the same ordifferent optionally substituted aryl, and where Z (which binds to Ar₂as shown by the wavy line) may be present at any position on Ar₂.Suitably, Ar₁ and Ar₂ are the same. Benzophenones are well-studied,commercially-available photoinitiator moieties, and their UV absorptioncan be tailored according to the substitution pattern of the arylgroups. Preferred substituents on Ar₁ and Ar₂ are electron-donatinggroups or atoms such as N, O, S, amines, esters or thiols. Suchsubstituents provide UV absorption at a longer wavelength, meaning thatLED lamps can be used as a UV source. LED lamps provide advantages suchas low energy consumption and generate less heat; thus the substratetemperature can be controlled more accurately. Judicious selection offunctional groups can be used to obtain absorption maxima in a desiredwavelength region (e.g. impart charge-transfer within thephotoinitiator). The ketones described in the present invention areinherent electron accepting groups, so careful selection ofelectron-donating groups as substituents on aromatic entities within thephotoinitiator can lead to absorption profiles matching the light sourcebest suited for the desired curing application. Mechanistically, theefficiency of photoinitiator moieties relies on their ability tointersystem cross from an electronic excited (singlet) state to atriplet state. Some literature has described that such intersystemcrossing is less efficient when a higher degree of charge transfer ispresent within the system. Thus the absorption profile of aphotoinitiator can be controlled to some extent but not without alteringthe efficiency of radical formation. (see N. J. Turro, Modern MolecularPhotochemistry, University Science Books: Sausalito, 1991).

In benzophenones of formula (V) above, both Ar₁ and Ar₂ may beoptionally substituted phenyl, preferably both phenyl, and Z may bepresent at any position on Ar₂. Suitably, however, Z is present at thepara-position on Ar₂, as this provides the maximum opportunity forelectron interaction with the carbonyl group, and hence maximumstabilisation of the radical formed.

Linker, Z

The portion of the photoinitiator monomer (A) of Formula (I) indicatedby Z is a linker. The linker Z acts to both bind the photoinitiatormoiety to the polymer backbone and simultaneously hold thephotoinitiator moiety at a certain distance from the backbone. Linker Ztherefore has two ends. At one end, therefore, Z is joined to thephotoinitiator moiety; at the other end, Z is joined to the polymerbackbone.

The size of the linker Z is selected according to the desired propertiesof the polymeric photoinitiator. A short linker Z will provide mostopportunity for interaction between the amine group N and thephotoinitiator moiety. For example, if Z is a bond, the amine group Nwill be directly bound to the photoinitiator moiety, providing apotential for stabilisation of the photoinitiator moiety in its radicalform. On the other hand, a long linker Z will provide freer movement ofthe photoinitiator moiety in the polymerization process, which alsoprovides advantages. A rigid structure may lower the possibility thatradicals formed at one site propagate to polymer chains in the vicinityof the polymeric photoinitiator, whereas a “loose” structure couldfacilitate dispersion of radical functionalities over a wider area.Suitably, the linker Z has a molecular weight of less than 10000 Da,suitably less than 5000 Da, most suitably less than 1000 Da. The linkerZ preferably comprises no more than 50 atoms, preferably no more than 30atoms.

In the photoinitiator monomers (A) of Formula (I) above, Z is a linkermoiety. Z may be selected from a single bond, optionally substitutedC₁-C₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene, —O—, —S—,—NR¹—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NR¹)—, —SO₂—, —P(═O)(OR¹)—, optionally substitutedheterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, —[O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(n)-,—[NHR¹—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(n), —[S—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(n)-, andcombinations thereof, wherein R¹ is H or optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl and n is an integer from 1-20.

Z may be selected from a single bond, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkylene, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene, —O—, —S—, —NR¹—,—C(═O)—, —C(═NR¹)—, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, —[O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(n)-, —[NHR¹—(C₁-C₁₂alkylene)]_(n), —[S—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(n)-, and combinations thereof,wherein R¹ is H or optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl and n is aninteger from 1-20.

Suitably, n is an integer from 1-10, more suitably from 1-5, such as e.g1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

R¹ may be H. R¹ may also be optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, such ase.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl. R¹ may bestraight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl.

In that Z may comprise a combination of the above-mentioned groups, theinvention encompasses photoinitiator monomers (A) in which Z is made upof two or more of the above-mentioned groups in series, e.g.

-   —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)--   —(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)--   —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)--   —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-O-(aryl)--   —NR¹—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)--   —(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-NR¹—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)--   —NR¹—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-NR¹—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)--   —NR¹—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)--   —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-NR¹—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)--   —C(═O)—O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)--   —C(═O)—NR¹—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)--   —O—C(═O)—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)--   —N—C(═O)—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)--   —O-aryl--   —(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-C(═O)—NR¹—C(═O)—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-.

In all of the above, the —(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)- and -aryl- groups may besubstituted or unsubstituted. Other chemically-feasible structures for Zcan be determined by the person skilled in the art.

Suitably, Z is selected from a single bond, optionally substitutedC₁-C₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene, —O—, —S—,—NR¹—, —[O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(n)-, and combinations thereof, wherein R¹is H or optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl and n is an integer from1-20. Z may be selected from a bond, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkylene, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene, —O—, —S—, —NR¹—, and—[O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(n)-, wherein R¹ is H or optionally substitutedC₁-C₁₂ alkyl and n is an integer from 1-20. Z may also be selected fromoptionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, preferably optionallysubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene.

Photoinitiator monomers (A) of Formula (I) in which Z comprises anelectron-donating group adjacent Pi are advantageous, as this providesopportunities to tailor the UV absorption of the photoinitiator moiety.Accordingly, Z may also be selected from optionally substituted—O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-, preferably optionally substituted —O—(C₁-C₆alkylene)-, optionally substituted —S—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-, preferablyoptionally substituted —S—(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-, and optionally substituted—NR¹—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-, preferably optionally substituted —NR¹—(C₁-C₆alkylene)-, wherein R¹ is H or optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. Zmay even be selected from optionally substituted —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-,preferably optionally substituted —O—(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-.

Most preferably, Z is selected from a bond, optionally substituted C₁-C₆alkylene and optionally substituted —O—(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-.

X₁ and X₂

The groups X₁ and X₂ of the photoinitiator monomer (A) serve to connectthe amine N with the end groups W₁ and W₂. The size and form of thesegroups can be varied to adjust the properties of the polyurethanepolymer.

X₁ and X₂ may be the same or different, and are preferably the same, forease of chemical synthesis. X₁ and X₂ may be independently selected fromoptionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkenylene, —O—, —S—, —NR², —C(═O)—, —C(═NR²)—, —Si(R²)₂—O—, optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and combinationsthereof, wherein R² is H or optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. In thatX₁ and X₂ may comprise combinations of the above-mentioned groups, theinvention encompasses photoinitiators in which X₁ and X₂ are made up oftwo or more of the above-mentioned groups in series.

Suitably, X₁ and X₂ are independently selected from optionallysubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene,—O—, —S—, —NR², —C(═O)—, —C(═NR²)—, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,optionally substituted aryl, wherein R² is H or optionally substitutedC₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

R² may be H. R² may also be optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, such ase.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl. R² may bestraight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl.

X₁ and X₂ may be linked to one another or to Z to form one or more ringstructures.

X₁ and X₂ may independently be selected from optionally substitutedC₁-C₁₂ alkylene, —O—, —S—, —NR²—, wherein R² is H or optionallysubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, and combinations thereof. X₁ and X₂ may belinked to one another to form one or more ring structures. Additionally,X₁ and X₂ may independently be selected from optionally substitutedC₁-C₁₂ alkylene, preferably optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkylene.

Tertiary Amine, N

In the photoinitiator monomers (A) described by Formula (I), Nrepresents a tertiary amine (i.e. a nitrogen atom bound directly tothree carbon atoms, in which the carbon atoms are saturated alkyl oraryl carbon atoms).

The N atom in the photoinitiator monomers (A) of Formula (I) has anumber of functions.

Firstly it provides the appropriate branching of the molecule, so thatthe photoinitiator moieties are pendant from the polyurethane backbone.

Secondly, the N atom in the photoinitiator monomers (A) of Formula(I)—being a tertiary amine—is basic. Suitably, the N atom has a pK_(b)of less than 13, preferably a pK_(b) less than 6. The amine N atom istherefore able to partially or completely replace the amine catalystswhich are typically used in polyurethane (and similar) polymerizationreactions (e.g. 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO),dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) and dimethylethanolamine (DMEA)). Inthis way, the use of any low molecular weight tertiary amine catalystsin the polymerization between monomers (A) and (B) can be reduced orcompletely avoided.

Z, X₁ and X₂ are selected such that N is a tertiary amine (i.e. so thatthe atom adjacent N is a saturated carbon atom, or an aryl carbon atom)so that the basic properties of N are preserved. Preferably, at leasttwo of the groups Z, X₁ and X₂ in the tertiary amine are alkyl.

End Groups, W₁, W₂

The end groups W₁ and W₂ in the photoinitiator monomers (A) of Formula(I) allow the photoinitiator monomer (A) to be incorporated into agrowing polymer chain. W₁ and W₂ are therefore selected from thosefunctional groups which are reactive, and which are able to bond toother monomers to thus form polymers such as polyurethane. As such, W₁and W₂ are independently selected from alcohol, primary amine, secondaryamine, thiol, alkoxy silane, silane esters of carboxylic acids,isocyanate, isothiocyanate, carboxylic acid, chloroformate, primaryamide, secondary amide, urethane or urea groups. Suitably, W₁ and W₂ areindependently selected from alcohol, primary amine, secondary amine orthiol groups. Most preferably, W₁ and W₂ are alcohol groups.

Secondary amines may have the formula —NHR³, where R³ is optionallysubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

Suitably, W₁ and W₂ are independently selected from alcohol, primaryamine, secondary amine or thiol groups.

Care should be taken when selecting suitable X₁ and X₂ groups, such thatW₁ and W₂ fulfil these criteria. For example, X₁ and X₂ mayindependently be selected from optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene,when W₁ and W₂ are —OH.

R³ and R⁴ may independently be optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, suchas e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl. R³ and R⁴ may bestraight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl.

W₁ and W₂ are selected according to the design of the polymer. Ifdesired, W₁ and W₂ may be different end groups. It is preferable forease of synthesis of the photoinitiator monomer (A), however, that W₁and W₂ are the same.

In that only two end groups W₁ and W₂ are present, the photoinitiatormonomer (A) does not promote branching of the polymeric photoinitiator.Instead, the photoinitiator monomers (A) of Formula (I) are incorporatedpartly into the backbone of the polymeric photoinitiators, while thephotoinitiator moieties Pi are pendant from the chain via linker Z.

Further Structures for Photoinitiator Monomer (A)

A sub-structure which describes photoinitiator monomers (A) of Formula Ihas the general formula (Ia)

wherein Ar₁, Ar₂, Z, N, X₁, X₂, W₁ and W₂ are as defined above and whereZ may be present at any position on Ar₂. In the photoinitiator monomers(A) of Formula Ia, Ar₁ and Ar₂ may both be optionally substitutedphenyl, and are preferably both phenyl. Suitably, Z is present at thepara-position on Ar₂.

Another sub-structure which describes photoinitiator monomers (A) ofFormula (I) has the general formula (Ib):

in which Z, N, X₁, X₂, W₁ and W₂, and preferred options for thesegroups, are as defined above.

Another sub-structure which describes photoinitiator monomers (A) ofFormula (I) has the general formula (Ic):

wherein Z, N, X₁, and X₂, and preferred options for these groups, are asdefined above.

Suitable photoinitiator monomers (A) according to the invention include:

-   {4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]phenyl}(phenyl)methanone-   (4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)(phenyl)methanone-   [4-({2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl}sulfanyl)phenyl](phenyl)methanone-   (4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}phenyl)(phenyl)methanone-   {4-[bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amino]phenyl}(phenyl)methanone-   N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(phenylcarbonyl)benzamide-   N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-2-(phenylcarbonyl)benzamide-   3,4-dihydroxy-1-[4-(phenylcarbonyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione-   N,N-bis[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-4-(phenylcarbonyl)benzamide-   (4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)[4-(phenylsulfanyl)phenyl]methanone-   4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}-1-chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one-   4-[{2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl}(methyl)amino]-1-chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one-   2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl[(9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yl)oxy]acetate-   1-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-4-propoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one-   2-[(1-chloro-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-4-yl)oxy]-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide-   1-{4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]phenyl}-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one-   1-(4-{2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethoxy}phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one-   2-methyl-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-1-(4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)propan-1-one-   (3′,5′-diisocyanatobiphenyl-4-yl)(phenyl)methanone.

Photoinitiators according to the invention of particular interest are

-   {4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]phenyl}(phenyl)methanone-   (4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)(phenyl)methanone-   (4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}phenyl)(phenyl)methanone-   {4-[bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amino]phenyl}(phenyl)methanone-   N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(phenylcarbonyl)benzamide-   4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}-1-chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one-   2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl[(9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yl)oxy]acetate-   2-[(1-chloro-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-4-yl)oxy]-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide-   1-{4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]phenyl}-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one.

FIG. 3 shows possible synthetic routes to photoinitiator monomers (A) ofstructure Ib.

Routes Ia, Ib and Ic are nucleophilic substitution, or carbonyl grouptransformation (i.e. nitrogen acylation). LG depicts a leaving group(preferably Cl, Br, I, OMs, OTs, OTf). The base used is preferablyamine, alkali metal alkoxide, hydroxide or carbonate.

Route II is a nucleophilic aromatic substitution. LG depicts a leavinggroup (preferably F, Cl). The base is preferably amine, alkali metalalkoxide, hydroxide or carbonate.

Route III is a cross-coupling reaction. LG depicts a leaving group(preferably Cl, Br, I, OMs, OTs, OTf). M depicts a nucleophilicorganometallic substituent (preferably R₂Al—, RZn—, R₃Sn—, RMg—, Li—,(RO)₂B—). The transition metal catalyst is a salt or transition metalcomplex (preferably containing Pd, Pt, Ni, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Fe).

Routes IVa and IVb are Friedel-Crafts acylations. The Lewis acid may bepreferably BF₃, BCl₃, AlCl₃, FeCl₃ or SnCl₄.

Route V may be a reaction of an aryl organometallic reagent with an acylderivative. M depicts a nucleophilic organometallic substituent(preferably RMg—, RZn—, RCd— or R₃Sn—).

Route VI is oxidation of a diarylmethanol. Preferable oxidants includemanganese, ruthenium, chromium reagents and Swern oxidation.

Route VII may be nitrogen alkylation or acylation. Suitably, one or bothreagents LG-X₁-W₁ and LG-X₂-W₂ may contain an epoxide (aziridine) whichis opened by the nucleophilic nitrogen to reveal a reactive hydroxy(amino) end group.

The other component of the polymeric photoinitiator is at least onemonomer (B). Monomer (B) comprises at least two functional groups W₃ andW₄, said W₃ and W₄ being independently selected from alcohol, primaryamine, secondary amine, thiol, alkoxy silane, silane esters ofcarboxylic acids, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, carboxylic acid,chloroformate, primary amide, secondary amide, urethane or urea groups.

Monomer (B) may have a structure of formula II:

W₃-Q-W₄  (II)

wherein W₃ and W₄ are defined as in claim 1 and wherein Q is selectedfrom the group consisting of optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene,optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedbiaryl, —[O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(m)-, —[S—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(m)-, wherem is an integer from 1-1000 and combinations thereof. Q may alsocomprise any of the photoinitiator groups (Pi) described above.

Q may be selected from the group consisting of optionally substitutedC₁-C₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene, optionallysubstituted C₃-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl andoptionally substituted biaryl. Q may be selected from the groupconsisting of optionally substituted aryl and optionally substitutedbiaryl.

Suitably, W₃ and W₄ are independently selected from isocyanate andthioisocyanate groups. Typically, W₃ and W₄ are the same functionalgroups.

In particular embodiments, monomer (B) is selected from the groupconsisting of: 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate (PPDI), toluene diisocyanate(TDI) as both its 2,4 and 2,6 isomers, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate(MDI) as both its 4,4′ and 2,4′ isomers, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate(NDI), 3,3′-bitolylene-4,4′-diisocyanate (TODI),1,3-xylylenediisocyanate (XDI), tetramethyl-m-xylidene diisocyanate(TMXDI), 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI), bis(4-isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane (HMDI), 2,2,5-trimethylhexanediisocyanate (TMHDI), 1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanate (CHDI) and1,3-bis(isocyanato-methyl)cyclohexane (HXDI).

Importantly, W₁, W₂, W₃ and W₄ are selected such that—in theco-polymerization of monomers (A) and (B)—W₁ reacts with to form aurethane, thiourethane, urea, thiourea, ester, ether, amide, carbonate,allophanate or biuret moiety, and W₂ reacts with W₄ to form a urethane,thiourethane, urea, thiourea, ester, ether, amide, carbonate,allophanate or biuret moiety. Suitably, W₁ reacts with W₃ to form aurethane, thiourethane, urea, thiourea, ester or amide moiety, and W₂reacts with W₄ to form a urethane, thiourethane, urea, thiourea, esteror amide moiety. Of most interest is the situation in which W₁ reactswith W₃ to form a urethane, or thiourethane moiety, and W₂ reacts withW₄ to form a urethane or thiourethane moiety.

Given a particular W₁ or W₂, the skilled person will be able to selectthe appropriate W₃ or W₄ to provide the polymeric photoinitiators of theinvention.

Preferably, the polymeric photoinitiator is a polyurethanephotoinitiator. In this case, W₁ and W₂ are selected to be alcoholfunctional groups, and W₃ and W₄ are selected as isocyanate groups toprovide urethane moieties when monomer (A) reacts with monomer (B). Apolyurethane photoinitiator will thus be formed. The reverse arrangement(W₁ and W₂ are isocyanate functional groups, while W₃ and W₄ are alcoholgroups) will also provide a polyurethane.

Similarly, if W₁ and W₂ are thiol functional groups, selection of W₃ andW₄ as isocyanate groups will provide thiourethane moieties when monomer(A) reacts with monomer (B). The reverse arrangement is also possible.

To form urea moieties from W₁-W₄, it is possible to select W₁ and W₂ asamine functional groups and W₃ and W₄ as isocyanate functional groups.Polyurea photoinitiators will thus be formed. The reverse situation isalso possible (W₁ and W₂ are isocyanate functional groups, while W₃ andW₄ are amine functional groups).

Suitably, W₃ and W₄ are the same functional groups, as are W₁ and W₂.However, it is possible that W₁ and W₂ are different, as long as W₃ andW₄ are selected such that a polymer may be formed.

More than one type of monomer (A) and more than one type of monomer (B)may be used in the polymeric photoinitiators of the invention. As wellas the regular structure . . . ABABABAB . . . , the polymericphotoinitiators may therefore also have a structure which incorporatesvariations of monomers A and B, e.g. . . . A′BABA′B′A′B′A′BABA′B′ . . ..

One or more additional monomers (C) may also be present in the polymericphotoinitiators of the invention. Each of said one or more additionalmonomers (C) comprises at least two functional groups W₅ and W₆, said W₅and W₆ being independently selected from alcohol, primary amine,secondary amine, thiol, alkoxy silane, silane esters of carboxylicacids, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, carboxylic acid, chloroformate,primary amide, secondary amide, urethane or urea groups, wherein W₅ andW₆ are selected such that—in the co-polymerization of monomers (A), (B)and (C)—W₅ reacts with W₁ or W₃ to form a urethane, thiourethane, urea,thiourea, ester, ether, amide, carbonate, allophanate or biuret moiety,and W₆ reacts with W₂ or W₄ to form a urethane, thiourethane, urea,thiourea, ester, ether, amide, carbonate, allophanate or biuret moiety.

Depending on the choice of W₅ and W₆, and the relative amounts ofmonomers (A), (B) and (C), the polymeric photoinitiator may have avariety of repeating structures such as e.g.:

-   -   . . . ABABABABCBABABCBAB . . . (if W₅ and W₆ react with W₃ and        W₄)    -   . . . ABABACACABABABACAC . . . (if W₅ and W₆ react with W₁ and        W₂)        Monomer (C) may have a structure of formula III:

W₅-T-W₆  (III)

wherein W₅ and W₆ are defined above, and wherein T is selected from thegroup consisting of optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, optionallysubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedbiaryl, —[O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(n)-, —[S—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(n)-, wheren is an integer from 1-1000, and combinations thereof. T may be selectedfrom the group consisting of —[O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(m)-, —[S—(C₁-C₁₂alkylene)]_(m)-, where m is an integer from 1-1000.

Suitably, W₅ and W₆ are independently selected from alcohol, primaryamine, secondary amine, or thiol functional groups, preferably alcoholfunctional groups. Typically, W₅ and W₆ are the same functional groups.

Monomer (C) may be used to determine the physical properties of thepolymeric photoinitiator. Monomer (C) may e.g. promote water solubility.Suitably, monomer (C) may be a macromonomer, i.e. a polymer or oligomerthat has a functional group that can take part in furtherpolymerization. As such, monomer (C) is selected from the groupconsisting of: polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG),random and block poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)copolymers, poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG), poly(1,4-butanedioladipate), poly(ethanediol 1,4-butanediol adipate),poly(caprolacton)diol, poly(1,6-hexanediol carbonate), poly(ethyleneterephthalate)diol.

The weight ratio of monomers (A):(B) is suitably 1:99-99:1, preferably1:99-50:50. The weight ratio of monomers (A):(C) is suitably 1:99-99:1,preferably 1:99-50:50. The weight of the photoinitiator monomer (A) usedto prepare polymeric photoinitiators may be between 0.1% and 99% of thetotal mass of other monomers, suitably between 0.2% and 10%, mostsuitably 0.5% to 5%.

Suitably, the polymeric photoinitiator has a molecular weight of morethan 1 kDa, suitably between 10 kDa and 1000 kDa, most suitably between20 kDa and 100 kDa.

In the polymeric photoinitiator, the photoinitiator moiety Pi is pendantfrom the polymer backbone. As such, it is not able to leach from thepolymer matrix. In addition, radical bond-forming reactions between thephotoinitiator moiety and the acrylate monomer (Ac) will causecross-linking between these components, rather than forming undesirablelow molecular weight compounds.

The polymeric photoinitiators (e.g. polyurethane photoinitiators) formradical species upon exposure to radiation and/or heat. Application ofradiation (as described in the section above entitled “Curing”) excitesthe photoinitiator moiety, Pi, which then extracts protons fromneighbouring functionalities, forming reactive radicals.

When the polymeric photoinitiator of the invention is mixed withacrylate monomers (Ac), these reactive radicals undergo chainpropagation with the acrylate monomers (Ac), and rapid curing of suchmonomers can occur. As growth is initiated from the polymericphotoinitiator, the polymeric photoinitiator will itself be incorporatedby means of covalent bonds into the growing polyacrylate.

The acrylate monomer (Ac) of the invention may be a mono-, di- ortri-acrylate (i.e. comprising one, two or three C═C—C(═O)—O— moieties,respectively). Preferably, the acrylate monomer is a mono-acrylate.

Examples of acrylate momomers (Ac) useful in the present inventioninclude ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids,such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid andfumaric acid, and monoalkyl esters of dicarboxylic acids of the typementioned above with alkanols, preferably alkanols having from 1 to 4carbon atoms and their N-substituted derivatives (amides), amides ofunsaturated carboxylic acids, such as acrylamide, methacrylamide,N-methoxyacrylamide or methacrylamide, and N-alkylacrylamides, ethylenicmonomers containing a sulphonic acid group and ammonium or alkali metalsalts thereof, for example vinylsulphonic acid, vinylbenzenesulphonicacid, alpha-acrylamidomethylpropanesulphonic acid and 2-sulphoethylenemethacrylate, amides of vinylamine, especially vinylformamide orvinylacetamide, and unsaturated ethylenic monomers containing asecondary, tertiary or quaternary amino group, or a heterocyclic groupcontaining nitrogen, such as, for example, vinylpyridines,vinylimidazole, aminoalkyl (meth)acrylates and aminoalkyl(meth)acrylamides such as dimethylaminoethyl acrylate or methacrylate,di-tert-butylaminoethyl acrylate or methacrylate anddimethylaminoacrylamide or dimethylaminomethacrylamide.

It may also be important to include zwitterionic monomers such as, forexample, sulphopropyl(dimethyl)-aminopropyl acrylate.

Suitable di- or multifunctional cross-linking agents may be, but notbeing limited to, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycoldimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylopropanetrimethacrylate, bisphenol A dimethacrylate, ethoxylate bisphenol Adimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tri- and tetrametacrylate,tetramethylene dimethacrylate, methylenebisacrylamide, methacryloxyethylvinyl carbonate, triallylcyanurate, methacryloxyethyl vinyl urea,divinyl benzene, diallyl itaconate, allyl methacrylate, diallylphtalate, polysiloxanylbisalkyl methacrylate and polyethylene glycoldimethacrylate. Oligo- or macromeric structures of a non-toxic natureare preferred. Of these, PEG containing di- or multifunctional oligo- ormacromers may be of special interest. In the present invention,polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate of an approximately molecular weightof 400 (PEG-DMA 400) and an approximately molecular weight of 1000(PEG-DMA 1000) may be preferred as cross-linking agent.

Suitably, the acrylate monomer (Ac) is an acrylate ester of the formula(IV):

(R₃)(R₄)C═C(R₅)—C(═O)—O—R₆  (IV)

wherein R₃-R₅ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ heterocyclyl and optionallysubstituted aryl;and R₅ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substitutedC₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionallysubstituted C₃-C₁₂ heterocyclyl and optionally substituted aryl.

Suitably, R₃ and R₄ are independently selected from H, methyl or ethyl.

Alternatively, the acrylate monomer (Ac) may comprise a polyurethane, apolyester or a polyether oligomer having terminal acrylate groups.

The polyacrylate of the invention may comprise two or more differentacrylate monomers (Ac). Different acrylate monomers (Ac) can be mixed invarious ratios, depending on the desired properties of the resultingpolyacrylate.

The polyacrylate of the invention may comprise additional monomers. Inthis way, a copolymer of the acrylate monomer(s) (Ac) with othermonomers may be obtained. For example, the polymeric photoinitiator ofthe invention may be used to initiate the copolymerization betweenacrylate monomers (Ac) and monomers such as vinylethers,vinylpyrollidone and vinyllactams, vinyl acetates and vinylalcohol,vinylamines or mixtures of these. The additional monomers should becompatible with the acrylate monomers and the polymeric photoinitiator,and should polymerize via a radical-catalysed mechanism, so that theycan be incorporated with the acrylate monomer (Ac). Such additionalmonomers provide the skilled person with further opportunities to varythe physical and chemical properties of the resulting polyacrylate.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for producing apolyacrylate, said method comprising the steps of:

-   -   a. combining one or more acrylate monomers with a polymeric        photoinitiator, said polymeric photoinitiator being as defined        herein;    -   b. subjecting the mixture from step a. to UV radiation and/or        heat.

The present invention also provides the use of a polymericphotoinitiator as described herein as a photoinitiator of radicalpolymerization of acrylate monomers (Ac).

Example 1 4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone

RELEVANT LITERATURE

-   J. Med. Chem. 2001, 3810-3820; J. Med. Chem. 1998, 3976-3986; J.    Med. Chem. 1989, 105-118.

A 1000 mL three-neck flask was charged with 4-hydroxybenzophenone (50.00g; 252.2 mmol), 1-bromo-3-chloropropane (79.41 g; 504.4 mmol) and2-butanone (500 mL). After flushing with nitrogen, anhydrous potassiumcarbonate (104.6 g; 756.5 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture wasstirred at reflux for 24 h. Full consumption of the starting4-hydroxybenzophenone was confirmed by TLC. The reaction mixture wasfiltered, the filtrate evaporated, the oily residue dissolved indichloromethane (300 mL) and extracted with water (3×100 mL). Theorganic phase was separated, evaporated, and the unreacted1-bromo-3-chloropropane was removed by heating to 70° C. in vacuo. Theresidue was dissolved in 2-butanone (500 mL) and sodium iodide (45.36 g;302.6 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 6 h. Thereaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate evaporated, the oily residuedissolved in dichloromethane (300 mL) and extracted with water (3×100mL). The organic phase was separated, evaporated, the light brown oilyresidue dried in vacuo to give crude 4-(3-iodopropoxy)benzophenone(light brown solid; 83.2 g).

To the crude product from the previous step (83.2 g; 227.2 mmol) wasadded toluene (100 mL), 2-propanol (200 mL) and diethanolamine (179.2 g;1.704 mol). The reaction mixture was refluxed (110° C.) for 16 h. Afterevaporation of ethanol and toluene, water (2000 mL) was added toprecipitate the oily product. The emulsion obtained was thoroughlyextracted with diethyl ether (6×300 mL). The aqueous phase was discardedand the organic phase was extracted with hydrochloric acid (6M, 3×200mL). The pH of the strongly acidic aqueous phase was adjusted to 12-13by slow addition of 35% aq. ammonia to reprecipitate the product. Theaqueous phase was reextracted with dichloromethane (3×300 mL), theorganic phase dried (MgSO₄), evaporated and the light brown oily productdried in vacuo.

This provides 4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone (57.7g; 74% yield).

1H-NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d): 7.80 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (d, J=8.3Hz, 2H), 7.55 (m, 1H), 7.46 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H),4.12 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 4H), 2.87 (bs, 2H), 2.75 (t,J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.67 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 4H), 1.96 (apparent quintet, J=6.4 Hz,2H). UV (MeCN): λ_(max)=286 nm.

Large Scale Prep:

A 5000 mL three-neck flask was charged with 4-hydroxybenzophenone (800.0g; 4.036 mol), 1-bromo-3-chloropropane (832.5 g; 5.288 mol) and2-butanone (3300 mL). Anhydrous potassium carbonate (673.6 g; 4.874 mol)was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for 100 h. Fullconsumption of the starting 4-hydroxybenzophenone was confirmed by HPLC.The reaction mixture was filtered, the inorganic solids were washed with2-butanone (3×100 mL). The filtrate was evaporated, and the unreacted1-bromo-3-chloropropane was removed by heating to 70° C. in vacuo. Theresidue was dissolved in acetonitrile (2000 mL) and sodium iodide (650.0g; 4.337 mol) was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 8 h. Thereaction mixture was filtered to give a solution of crude4-(3-iodopropoxy)benzophenone.

The crude acetonitrile solution from the previous stage was charged overa period of 6 hours into neat diethanolamine (2800 g; 26.63 mol) heatedto 70° C. After the end of the feed, the reaction mixture heated toreflux for a further 2 h. Full consumption of the starting material wasconfirmed by TLC. The reaction mixture was poured into water (10 L) andthe resulting suspension extracted with dichloromethane (3×1500 mL). Theorganic phase was separated and extracted with 1 M aq. HCl (4000 mL).The organic phase was discarded and the aqueous phase was made stronglyalkaline (pH 12) by slow addition of 50% aq. NaOH. The resultingsuspension was extracted with dichloromethane (3×1000 mL). The organiclayer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and evaporated. The light brown oilwas dried in high vacuo at 80° C. This provides4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone (1180 g; 85.1% yieldover 3 steps).

Procedure:

A 500 mL three-neck flask was charged with 4-hydroxybenzophenone (80.00g; 0.4036 mol), 1-bromo-3-chloropropane (76.25 g; 0.4843 mol) and4-methyl-2-pentanone (330 mL). Anhydrous potassium carbonate (61.36 g;0.4440 mol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at reflux(120° C.) for 4 h. HPLC analysis shows that the reaction mixturecontains 90.0% 4-(3-chloropropoxy)benzophenone; 7.0%1,3-bis(4-benzoylphenoxy)propane and 0.8% 4-hydroxybenzophenone. Thereaction mixture was filtered hot and the inorganic solids were washedwith 4-methyl-2-pentanone (100 mL). The filtrate was charged into amixture of diethanolamine (148.5 g; 1.412 mol), sodium iodide (6.05 g;0.0404 mol) and 4-methyl-2-pentanone (150 mL). The reaction mixtureheated to reflux (122° C.) for 24 h. The reaction mixture was cooled toroom temperature and extracted with water (500 mL). The organic phasewas extracted with 1 M HCl (500 mL) at 70° C. to prevent crystallisationof the 1,3-bis(4-benzoylphenoxy)propane byproduct. The aqueous phase wasseparated, cooled to room temperature and taken to pH 12 with 50%aqueous NaOH. The resulting emulsion was extracted with4-methyl-2-pentanone (3×200 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried(MgSO₄), filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. This provides4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone (123.2 g; 89% yieldover 3 steps).

Example 2 4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-benzophenone

RELEVANT LITERATURE

-   Tetrahedron 2009, 4429-4439.

A 5000 mL three-neck flask was charged with 4-methylbenzophenone (1100g; 5.605 mol). The starting material was dissolved in chlorobenzene(2500 mL) and the reaction mixture warmed to 75° C. A solution ofbromine (302 mL; 5.886 mol) in chlorobenzene (500 mL) was added to thereaction vessel in 100 mL portions over 6 hours. The reactiontemperature was maintained at 85° C. and the reaction vessel wasirradiated with a 240 W incandescent bulb. Hydrogen bromide gas evolvedduring the reaction was neutralised with an aqueous KOH scrubber system.After complete disappearance of orange coloration, the reaction mixturewas cooled to ambient temperature and all volatiles removed in vacuo.The residue was dried under oil pump vacuum for 4 h at 60° C. Paleyellow-orange solid was obtained upon cooling (1500 g). 1H-NMR indicatesthat the crude product contains 20% 4-methylbenzophenone, 71%4-(bromomethyl)benzophenone and 9% 4-(dibromomethyl)benzophenone. Thecrude product was used directly in the next step.

A 10000 mL three-neck flask was charged with diethanolamine (4400 g;41.85 mol). After warming to 90° C., a slurry of crude material from theprevious step (1500 g) in dioxane (2000 mL) was added to the oilyreaction mixture in 6 portions over a period of 2 hours. After theaddition was complete, the reaction was taken to gentle reflux (100° C.)and heated for a further 2 hours. Complete conversion of4-(bromomethyl)benzophenone was confirmed by TLC. Dioxane was removedfrom the reaction by evaporation under reduced pressure. The oily orangeresidue was poured into water (20 L) and extracted with ethyl acetate(3×1500 mL). The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase wasextracted with hydrochloric acid (1.2M, 3×1000 mL). The pH of thestrongly acidic aqueous phase was adjusted to 12-13 by slow addition of50% aq. NaOH to reprecipitate the product. Most of the product separatedout as an orange oil. The residual aqueous phase was reextracted withdichloromethane (3×500 mL), combined organic phases were dried (Na₂SO₄),volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure and the light brownoily product dried under oil pump vacuum (6 h, 60° C.).

This provides 4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone (1170 g;70.0% yield over 2 steps).

1H-NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d): 7.80-7.75 (m, 4H), 7.58 (tt, J=7.4, 1.4Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.44 (m, 4H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.65 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 4H), 2.74(t, J=5.4 Hz, 4H), 2.59 (bs, 2H). UV (MeCN): λ_(max)=255 nm.

Example 3 {4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino]phenyl}-(phenyl)methanone

RELEVANT LITERATURE

-   J. Phys. Org. Chem. 2001, 14, 247-255; J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34,    1552-1560.

A 100 mL two-neck flask was charged with 4-fluorobenzophenone (15.0 g;74.9 mmol) and diethanolamine (55.1 g; 524 mmol). The flask was flushedwith nitrogen, fitted with a reflux condenser and heated to 155° C. for48 h under a gentle stream of nitrogen. Complete conversion of thestarting 4-fluorobenzophenone was confirmed by TLC. After cooling toambient temperature, the dark viscous reaction mixture was poured intowater (2000 mL). The resulting suspension was thoroughly extracted withdiethyl ether (6×250 mL). The aqueous phase was discarded and theorganic phase was extracted with hydrochloric acid (2M, 5×200 mL). ThepH of the strongly acidic aqueous phase was adjusted to 12-13 by slowaddition of 35% aq. ammonia to reprecipitate the product. The aqueousphase was then reextracted with dichloromethane (3×300 mL). The crudeorganic extract was purified by passing through a short silica gelcolumn (eluent: ethyl acetate). The eluted yellow solution wasevaporated and the oily residue dried in vacuo to provide{4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]phenyl}(phenyl)methanone (yellow-brownsolid; 13.176 g; 62% yield).

1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.72 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 2H), 7.69-7.66 (m, 2H),7.53 (tt, J=8.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.55 (d, J=10.0Hz, 2H), 4.22 (bs, 2H), 3.43 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 4H), 3.20 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 4H).

Large Scale Prep:

A 2000 mL two-neck flask was charged with 4-fluorobenzophenone (200.0 g;1.00 mol) and diethanolamine (735.2 g; 7.00 mol). The flask was flushedwith nitrogen, fitted with a reflux condenser and heated to 155° C. for48 h under a gentle stream of nitrogen. Complete conversion of thestarting 4-fluorobenzophenone was confirmed by TLC. After cooling toambient temperature, the dark viscous reaction mass was diluted withethyl acetate (2500 mL) and extracted with water (2000 mL). The organicphase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and evaporated to give{4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]phenyl}(phenyl)methanone (bright yellowpowder; 260 g; 91% yield).

Example 44-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}-1-chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one

Small Scale Prep:

A 500 mL flask was charged with the sodium salt of1-chloro-4-hydroxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (28.5 g; 0.100 mol),1-bromo-3-chloropropane (17.4 g; 0.111 mol) and isopropyl alcohol (280mL). The turbid reaction mixture was refluxed for 24 h. The hot solutionwas diluted with isopropyl alcohol (130 mL), drowned out in water (1400mL) and the resulting suspension was extracted with dichloromethane(3×250 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered andsolvent removed in vacuo to give1-chloro-4-(3-chloropropoxy)-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (24.4 g; 72% yield).

1-H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.39 (ddd, J=8.1, 1.5, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (m,1H), 7.48 (ddd, J=8.1, 1.4, 0.6 Hz), 7.41 (m, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.6 Hz,1H), 6.92 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (t, J=6.3 Hz,2H), 2.32 (apparent quintet, J=6.0 Hz, 2H).

The crude product from the previous step (26.44 g; 77.94 mmol) wassuspended in 2-butanone (250 mL) and sodium iodide (14.02 g; 93.52 mmol)was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 16 h. The reactionmixture was filtered, the solids were washed with boiling 2-butanone(2×50 mL), the filtrate evaporated, the oily residue dissolved indichloromethane (300 mL) and extracted with water (2×100 mL). Theorganic phase was separated, evaporated and dried in vacuo to give crude1-chloro-4-(3-iodopropoxy)-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (30.51 g; yellow solid;91% yield).

1-H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.53 (dd, J=9.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (m, 1H),7.53 (dd, J=8.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (m, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 6.91(d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.03 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.81(apparent quintet, J=6.9 Hz, 2H).

Crude 1-chloro-4-(3-iodopropoxy)-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (10.0 g; 23.22mmol) from the previous step was slowly charged into a solution ofdiethanolamine (14.65 g; 139.3 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 mL) heated to50° C. The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously and heated to 50° C.for 60 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and water (500 mL) was added.The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3×250 mL). The aqueousphase was discarded and the organic phase was extracted withhydrochloric acid (2M, 3×100 mL). The pH of the strongly acidic aqueousphase was adjusted to 12-13 by slow addition of 50% aq. NaOH toreprecipitate the product. The aqueous phase was reextracted withdichloromethane (4×100 mL), the organic phase dried (MgSO₄), evaporatedto give4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}-1-chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one(5.31 g; 56% yield).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.29 (ddd, J=8.1, 1.5, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (ddd,J=8.2, 6.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (ddd, J=8.1, 1.4, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (ddd,J=8.2, 6.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H),4.04 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (bs, 2H), 3.59 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 4H), 2.73 (t,J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 4H), 1.94 (apparent quintet, J=6.4 Hz,2H).

Large Scale Prep:

A 1000 mL three-neck flask was charged with1-chloro-4-hydroxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (100.0 g; 0.381 mol),1-bromo-3-chloropropane (71.9 g; 0.457 mol), anhydrous potassiumcarbonate (63.1 g; 0.457 mol) and 2-butanone (500 mL). The mixture wasstirred at reflux for 60 h. Full conversion was confirmed by TLC. Thereaction mixture was filtered through a glass sinter, the inorganicsolids were washed with warm dichloromethane (4×100 mL). The filtratewas evaporated to dryness to give a bright yellow solid. The crude1-chloro-4-(3-chloropropoxy)-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (129.1 g) wasdissolved in 2-butanone (400 mL) and sodium iodide (62.8 g; 0.419 mol)was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 16 h, filtered hot, thesolids were washed with boiling 2-butanone (2×100 mL) and the filtrateevaporated to dryness.

The crude product from the previous step was suspended in THF (300 mL)and the suspension was charged over 30 min to neat diethanolamine (240.1g; 2.28 mol) at 60° C. The reaction was heated to reflux for 3 h. Theclear yellow-brown solution was poured into water (2000 mL) andextracted with ethyl acetate (3×750 mL). The aqueous phase was discardedand the organic phase was extracted with hydrochloric acid (1M, 3×500mL). The pH of the strongly acidic aqueous phase was adjusted to 12-13by slow addition of 50% aq. NaOH to reprecipitate the product. Theaqueous phase was reextracted with dichloromethane (4×500 mL), theorganic phase dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to dryness to give4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}-1-chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one(99.8 g; 64% yield).

Example 5(2-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}-4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methanone

Large Scale Prep:

A 500 mL three-neck flask was charged with(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl) methanone (100.0 g; 0.4381 mol),1-bromo-3-chloropropane (82.78 g; 0.5258 mol) and 4-methyl-2-pentanone(250 mL). Anhydrous potassium carbonate (66.61 g; 0.4819 mol) was addedand the reaction mixture was stirred at reflux (120° C.) for 10 h. Thereaction mixture was filtered hot and the inorganic solids were washedwith 4-methyl-2-pentanone (2×100 mL). The filtrate was charged into amixture of neat diethanolamine (161.2 g; 1.533 mol) and sodium iodide(6.57 g; 43.81 mmol). The reaction mixture heated to reflux (122° C.)for 24 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature anddiluted with water (500 mL). The resulting emulsion was extracted with4-methyl-2-pentanone (2×200 mL). The aqueous phase was discarded and theorganic phase was extracted with 1 M HCl (2×500 mL). The aqueous phasewas taken to pH 12 with 50% aqueous NaOH. The resulting emulsion wasextracted with 4-methyl-2-pentanone (3×200 mL). The organic phase wasseparated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo.This provides(2-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}-4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methanone(light yellow oil; 90.4 g; 55% yield over 3 steps).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.68-7.66 (m, 2H), 7.44 (tt, J=7.4, 1.4 Hz,1H), 7.37 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.32 (m, 2H), 6.48 (dd, J=8.5, 2.3 Hz,1H), 6.42 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.57(bs, 2H), 3.39 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 4H), 2.37 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 4H), 2.18 (t, J=7.1Hz, 2H), 1.49 (apparent quintet, J=6.5 Hz, 2H).

Example 6 General Procedure the for Preparation of Polyurethanes inSolvent

A glass vial was charged with a reactive photoinitiator and a reactivepolyether (amounts given in Table 1). The reaction vessel was heated to120-130° C. under vacuum for 1 h to remove all moisture. The reactionvessel was then allowed to cool under vacuum, fitted with a refluxcondenser and flushed with nitrogen. Dry chlorobenzene was added and thereaction was stirred at 60° C. to obtain a homogeneous clear solutionwith 30 wt % of solids. Appropriate amount of diisocyanate was added viasyringe and the reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 16 h. Theviscous yellow mixture was evaporated in vacuo, residual chlorobenzenewas removed by co-evaporation with MeOH-water. The resulting gummy solidwas dried in vacuo for 4-6 h at 75° C. This provided the appropriatepolyurethane polymer as a light yellow-brown gummy solid.

Example 7 Solvent-Free Procedure the for Preparation of Polyurethanes

A glass vial was charged with a reactive photoinitiator and a reactivepolyether (amounts given in Table 2). The reaction vessel was heated to120-130° C. under vacuum for 1 h to remove all moisture. The flask wasallowed to cool to 70° C. and charged with the appropriate amount ofdiisocyanate (given in Table 2). The reaction melt was then heated withstirring to 70° C. for 16 h. This provided the appropriate photochromicpolymer as a white to light yellow solid.

TABLE 1 Composition and GPC characterisation of photochromicpolyurethanes prepared in solvent reactive PI wt % reactive polyether wt% diisocyanate wt % polymer Mw Mw/Mn 4-{[bis(2- 2 PEG-2000 85 HMDI 13 43kDa 2.37 hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone 4-{[bis(2- 10 PEG-200072 HMDI 18 76 kDa 2.12 hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone 4-{[bis(2-2 Jeffamine D-4000 90 HMDI 8 27 kDa 1.75hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone 4-{3-[bis(2- 2 PEG-2000 85 HMDI13 76 kDa 1.92 hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone 4-{3-[bis(2- 10PEG-2000 73 HMDI 17 78 kDa 2.27 hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone4-{3-[bis(2- 2 Jeffamine D-4000 91 HMDI 7 35 kDa 2.19hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]benzophenone 2 PEG-2000 85 HMDI 13 37 kDa1.87 4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]benzophenone 10 PEG-2000 71 HMDI 19 34kDa 1.77 4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]benzophenone 2 Jeffamine D-4000 90HMDI 8 33 kDa 2.09 4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}-1- 2 PEG-200085 HMDI 13 43 kDa 1.76 chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}-1- 10 PEG-2000 74 HMDI 16 29 kDa1.62 chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}-1- 2 Jeffamine D-4000 91 HMDI 732 kDa 2.06 chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one

TABLE 2 Composition and GPC characterisation of photochromicpolyurethanes prepared under solvent-free conditions reactive PI wt %reactive polyether wt % diisocyanate wt % polymer Mw 4-{[bis(2- 2PEG-2000 89 HDI 9 54 kDa hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone4-{[bis(2- 2 PEG-4600 93 HDI 5 50 kDahydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone 4-{3-[bis(2- 2 PPG-2000 89 HDI 950 kDa hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone 4-{3-[bis(2- 2 PPG-400093 HDI 5 45 kDa hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone 4-{3-[bis(2- 2PPG-2000 85 HMDI 13 24 kDa hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone4-{3-[bis(2- 2 PPG-4000 91 HMDI 7 21 kDahydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone 4-{3-[bis(2- 2 PEG-2000 89 HDI 953 kDa hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone 4-{3-[bis(2- 2 PEG-460094 HDI 4 62 kDa hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone

Example 8 UV Curing of Polyurethanes

A polyurethane from example 2 (2 wt %4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone, 85 wt % PEG 2000 and13 wt % 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate)) was processed to aplate using a heat press. A disc was cut from this plate (Ø25 mm) andplaced in a plate-plate rheometer, where the bottom plate consists of aquartz window. Rheological properties were measured at 1 Hz at 120° C.(see FIG. 1), where a UV-light source irradiating the polyurethanesample through the quartz plate was turned on at t=0 s. Afterapproximately 100 s, the sample passes a transition from a liquid stateto a solid state, i.e. a gel-point, which demonstrates that thephotoinitiator moieties within the polyurethane are actually responsiblefor curing the sample when exposed to UV light.

Example 9 UV Curing of Acrylics

Solutions of 4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone (29 mM)and 4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone (29 mM) inN-butyl-acrylate was subjected to photo-DSC studies. The heat evolvedduring photopolymerization of the acrylate with either diols as theinitiator is depicted in FIGS. 4( a) and 4(b). In particular,4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone is comparably moreefficient as a photoinitiator than4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone in the curing ofN-butyl-acrylate judged by the heat involved right after the lightsource is turned on at t=0. The cure profile of4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone displays a behaviouroften observed for the photo curing of acrylates, whereas the cureprofile for the acrylate with4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone as the photoinitiatorshows a somewhat different profile—one could argue that there may evenbe an induction time before the polymerization is started. As discussedin the text above, one explanation for such a difference in behaviourcould be ascribed to the greater flexibility of the spacer between thebenzophenone and the amine in4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}benzophenone as compared to4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}benzophenone.

Route to Polymerized N-Butyl Acrylate

A solution of 500 mg of a copolymer prepared from 10 wt %(4-(3-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)propoxy)phenyl)(phenyl)methanone, 73 wt% PEG2000 and 17 wt % bis(4-isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane in 10 mL THF isprepared. This solution is added to 10 mL of N-butylacrylate and mixedthoroughly. A film of this solution spread out on a flat substrate issubjected to UV irradiation and cured to provide a sticky solid.

Although the invention has been described with reference to a number ofexamples and reaction schemes, it should not be considered as limited bythe above description. The full scope of the invention is defined by theappended claims.

1. A polyacrylate obtained by radical polymerization of at least oneacrylate monomer (Ac) in the presence of a polymeric photoinitiator,said polymeric photoinitiator being a co-polymer of at least one monomer(A) with at least one monomer (B), wherein: monomer (A) is aphotoinitiator monomer (A) of the formula (I):

in which: Pi is a photoinitiator moiety; Z is a linker moiety; X₁ and X₂are independently selected from optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene,optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene, optionally substitutedheterocyclyl, —O—, —S—, —NR²—, —C(═O)—, C(═NR²)—, —Si(R²)₂—O—,optionally substituted aryl and combinations thereof, wherein R² is H oroptionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; wherein X₁ and X₂ or a part thereofmay be linked to one another or to Z to form one or more ringstructures; wherein Z, X₁ and X₂ are selected such that N is a tertiaryamine; W₁ and W₂ are functional groups independently selected fromalcohol, primary amine, secondary amine, thiol, alkoxy silane, silaneesters of carboxylic acids, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, carboxylic acid,chloroformate, primary amide, secondary amide, urethane or urea groups;monomer (B) comprises at least two functional groups W₃ and W_(o) saidW₃ and W₄ being independently selected from alcohol, primary amine,secondary amine, thiol, alkoxy silane, silane esters of carboxylicacids, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, carboxylic acid, chloroformate,primary amide, secondary amide, urethane or urea groups, wherein W₁, W₂,W₃ and W₄ are selected such that—in the co-polymerization of monomers(A) and (B)—W₁ reacts with W₃ to form a urethane, thiourethane, urea,thiourea, ester, ether, amide, carbonate, allophanate or biuret moiety,and W₂ reacts with W₄ to form a urethane, thiourethane, urea, thiourea,ester, ether, amide, carbonate, allophanate or biuret moiety.
 2. Apolyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein W₁ and W₂ are independentlyselected from alcohol, primary amine, secondary amine or thiol groups,preferably alcohol groups.
 3. A polyacrylate according to claim 1,wherein W₁ and W₂ are the same functional groups.
 4. A polyacrylateaccording to claim 1, wherein X₁ and X₂ are independently selected fromoptionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, —O—, —S—, —NR²—, wherein R² is Hor optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, and combinations thereof.
 5. Apolyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein X₁ and X₂ may be linked toone another to form one or more ring structures.
 6. A polyacrylateaccording to claim 1, wherein X₁ and X₂ are independently selected fromoptionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, preferably optionallysubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene.
 7. A polyacrylate according to claim 1,wherein X₁ and X₂ are the same.
 8. A polyacrylate according to claim 1,wherein Z is selected from a single bond, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkylene, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene, —O—, —S—, —NR¹—,—C(═O)—, —C(═NR¹)—, —SO₂—, —P(═O)(OR¹)—, optionally substitutedheterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, —[O—(C₁-C₁₂alkylene)]_(n)-,—[NHR¹—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(n), —[S—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(n)-, andcombinations thereof; wherein R¹ is H or optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl and n is an integer from 1-20.
 9. A polyacrylate according toclaim 8, wherein Z is selected from a single bond, optionallysubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene,—O—, —S—, —NR¹—, —[O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(n)-, wherein R¹ is H oroptionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl and n is an integer from 1-20.
 10. Apolyacrylate according to claim 8, wherein Z is selected from optionallysubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, preferably optionally substituted C₁-C₆alkylene.
 11. A polyacrylate according to claim 8, wherein Z is selectedfrom optionally substituted —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-, preferably optionallysubstituted —O—(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-, optionally substituted S(C₁-C₁₂alkylene)-, preferably optionally substituted —S—(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-, andoptionally substituted NR¹—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-, preferably optionallysubstituted NR¹—(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-, wherein R¹ is H or optionallysubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.
 12. A polyacrylate according to claim 11,wherein Z is selected from optionally substituted —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)-,preferably optionally substituted —O—(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-.
 13. Apolyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein Z is selected from a singlebond, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkylene and optionally substituted—O—(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-.
 14. A polyacrylate according to claim 1, whereinPi is a photoinitiator moiety selected from the group consisting ofbenzoin ethers, phenyl hydroxyalkyl ketones, phenyl aminoalkyl ketones,benzophenones, thioxanthones, xanthones, acridones, anthraquinones,fluorenones, dibenzosuberones, benzils, benzil ketals,α-dialkoxy-acetophenones, α-hydroxy-alkyl-phenones,α-amino-alkyl-phenones, acyl-phosphine oxides, phenyl ketocoumarins,silane and derivatives thereof, and maleimides.
 15. A polyacrylateaccording to claim 14, wherein Pi is a photoinitiator moiety selectedfrom benzophenones, thioxanthones, benzil ketals and phenyl hydroxyalkylketones, such as 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-ones.
 16. Apolyacrylate according to claim 15, wherein Pi is a benzophenone havingthe general formula (V):

wherein Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from the same ordifferent optionally substituted aryl, and where Z may be present at anyposition on Ar₂.
 17. A polyacrylate according to claim 16, wherein Ar₁and Ar₂ are both optionally substituted phenyl, preferably both phenyl,and where Z may be present at any position on Ar₂.
 18. A polyacrylateaccording to claim 16, wherein Z is present at the para-position on Ar₂.19. A polyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein X₁ and X₂ areindependently selected from optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, andW₁ and W₂ are —OH.
 20. A polyacrylate according to claim 16, wherein thephotoinitiator monomer (A) has the general formula (Ia):

wherein Ar₁, Ar₂, Z, N, X₁, X₂, W₁ and W₂ are as defined in claim 16 andwhere Z may be present at any position on Ar₂.
 21. A polyacrylateaccording to claim 20, wherein Ar₁ and Ar₂ are both optionallysubstituted phenyl, preferably both phenyl.
 22. A polyacrylate accordingto claim 21, wherein where Z is present at the para-position on Ar₂. 23.A polyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein the photoinitiator monomer(A) has the general formula (Ib):

wherein Z, N, X₁, X₂, W₁ and W₂ are as defined in claim
 1. 24. Apolyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein the photoinitiator monomer(A) has the general formula (Ic):

wherein Z, N, X₁, and X₂ are as defined in claim
 1. 25. A polyacrylateaccording to claim 1, wherein photoinitiator monomer (A) is selectedfrom the group consisting of:{4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]phenyl}(phenyl)methanone,(4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)(phenyl)methanone,[4-({2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl}sulfanyl)phenyl](phenyl)methanone, (4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}phenyl)(phenyl)methanone, {4-[bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amino]phenyl}(phenyl)methanone,N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(phenylcarbonyl)benzamide,N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-2-(phenylcarbonyl)benzamide,3,4-dihydroxy-1-[4-(phenylcarbonyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione,N,N-bis[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-4-(phenylcarbonyl)benzamide,(4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)[4-(phenylsulfanyl)phenyl]methanone,4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}-1-chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one,4-[{2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl}(methyl)amino]-1-chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one,2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl[(9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yl)oxy]acetate,1-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-4-propoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one,2-[(1-chloro-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-4-yl)oxy]-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide,1-{4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]phenyl}-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one,1-(4-{2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethoxy}phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one,2-methyl-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-1-(4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)propan-1-one,or (3′,5′-diisocyanatobiphenyl-4-yl)(phenyl)methanone.
 26. Apolyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein monomer (A) is selected fromthe group consisting of:{4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]phenyl}(phenyl)methanone,(4-{[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)(phenyl)methanone,(4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}phenyl)(phenyl) methanone,{4-[bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amino]phenyl}(phenyl)methanone,N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(phenylcarbonyl)benzamide,4-{3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy}-1-chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one,2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl[(9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yl)oxy]acetate,2-[(1-chloro-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-4-yl)oxy]-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide,or1-{4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]phenyl}-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one.27. A polyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein monomer (B) has astructure of formula II:W₃-Q-W₄  (II) wherein W₃ and W₄ are defined as in claim 1 and wherein Qis selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkylene, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene, optionallysubstituted C₃-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted biaryl, —[O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(m)-, —[S—(C₁-C₁₂alkylene)]_(m)-, where m is an integer from 1-1000, and combinationsthereof.
 28. A polyacrylate according to claim 27, wherein Q is selectedfrom the group consisting of optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene,optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂heterocyclyl and optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedbiaryl.
 29. A polyacrylate according to claim 27, wherein Q is selectedfrom the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl and optionallysubstituted biaryl.
 30. A polyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein W₃and W₄ are independently selected from isocyanate and thioisocyanategroups.
 31. A polyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein W₃ and W₄ arethe same functional groups.
 32. A polyacrylate according to claim 27,wherein monomer (B) is selected from the group consisting of:1,4-phenylene diisocyanate (PPDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as bothits 2,4 and 2,6 isomers, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) as bothits 4,4′ and 2,4′ isomers, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI),3,3′-bitolylene-4,4′-diisocyanate (TODI), 1,3-xylylenediisocyanate(XDI), tetramethyl-m-xylidene diisocyanate (TMXDI), 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI),bis(4-isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane (HMDI), 2,2,5-trimethylhexanediisocyanate (TMHDI), 1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanate (CHDI) and1,3-bis(isocyanato-methyl)cyclohexane (HXDI).
 33. A polyacrylateaccording to claim 1, wherein—in the co-polymerization of monomers (A)and (B) in the polymeric photoinitiator—W₁ reacts with W₃ to form aurethane, thiourethane, urea, thiourea, ester or amide moiety, and W₂reacts with W₄ to form a urethane, thiourethane, urea, thiourea, esteror amide moiety.
 34. A polyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein—in theco-polymerization of monomers (A) and (B)—W₁ reacts with W₃ to form aurethane, or thiourethane moiety, and W₂ reacts with W₄ to form aurethane or thiourethane moiety.
 35. A polyacrylate according to claim1, wherein the polymeric photoinitiator further comprises one or moreadditional monomers (C), wherein each of said one or more additionalmonomers (C) comprises at least two functional groups W₅ and W₆, said W₅and W₆ being independently selected from alcohol, primary amine,secondary amine, thiol, alkoxy silane, silane esters of carboxylicacids, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, carboxylic acid, chloroformate,primary amide, secondary amide, urethane or urea groups, wherein W₅ andW₆ are selected such that—in the co-polymerization of monomers (A), (B)and (C)—W₅ reacts with W₁ or W₃ to form a urethane, thiourethane, urea,thiourea, ester, ether, amide, carbonate, allophanate or biuret moiety,and W₆ reacts with W₂ or W₄ to form a urethane, thiourethane, urea,thiourea, ester, ether, amide, carbonate, allophanate or biuret moiety.36. A polyacrylate according to claim 35, wherein monomer (C) has astructure of formula III:W₅-T-W₆  (III) wherein W₅ and W₆ are defined as in claim 35 and whereinT is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkylene, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene, optionallysubstituted C₃-C₁₂ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted biaryl, —[O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(m)-, —[S—(C₁-C₁₂alkylene)]_(m)-, where m is an integer from 1-1000, and combinationsthereof.
 37. A polyacrylate according to claim 36, wherein T is selectedfrom the group consisting of —[O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkylene)]_(m)-, —[S—(C₁-C₁₂alkylene)]_(m)—, where m is an integer from 1-1000.
 38. A polyacrylateaccording to claim 35, wherein W₅ and W₆ are independently selected fromalcohol, primary amine, secondary amine, or thiol functional groups,preferably alcohol functional groups.
 39. A polyacrylate according toclaim 35, wherein W₅ and W₆ are the same functional groups.
 40. Apolyacrylate according to claim 35, wherein monomer (C) is selected fromthe group consisting of: polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol(PPG), random and block poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)copolymers, poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG), poly(1,4-butanedioladipate), poly(ethanediol 1,4-butanediol adipate),poly(caprolacton)diol, poly(1,6-hexanediol carbonate), poly(ethyleneterephthalate)diol.
 41. A polyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein theweight ratio of monomers (A):(B) in the polymeric photoinitiator issuitably 1:99-99:1, preferably 1:99-50:50.
 42. A polyacrylate accordingto claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of monomers (A):(C) in thepolymeric photoinitiator is suitably 1:99-99:1, preferably 1:99-50:50.43. A polyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate monomer(Ac) is a mono-, di- or tri-acrylate, preferably a mono-acrylate.
 44. Apolyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate monomer (Ac)comprises a polyurethane oligomer having terminal acrylate groups.
 45. Apolyacrylate according to claim 1, wherein the acrylate monomer (Ac) isan acrylate ester of the formula (IV):(R₃)(R₄)C═C(R₅)—C(═O)—O—R₆  (IV) wherein R₃-R₅ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substitutedC₃-C₁₂ heterocyclyl and optionally substituted aryl and R₆ is selectedfrom the group consisting of optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂heterocyclyl and optionally substituted aryl.
 46. A method for producinga polyacrylate, said method comprising the steps of: a. combining one ormore acrylate monomers with a polymeric photoinitiator, said polymericphotoinitiator being as defined in claim 1, b. subjecting the mixturefrom step a. to UV radiation and/or heat.
 47. The use of a polymericphotoinitiator according to claim 1, as a photoinitiator of radicalpolymerization of acrylate monomers.